Clinical & Medical Oncology

Clinical oncologists are doctors who treat patients with a balance of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. They are involved in the management of all types of cancer and use a range of other treatments to treat cancers, without using surgery.

They are different than medical oncologists, who use non-radiological treatments for cancer. Clinical oncologists determine which treatment to use by considering a range of factors such as the type of tumour, tumour site, the stage of the disease and the patient’s general health. They assess the relative merits of different treatments before presenting these to the patient.

A case study is a research method involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a concerned case (subject/topic), as well as its related contextual conditions. Case studies can be produced by a formal research method followed by an individual, organization, event, or action, existing in a specific time and place. Here we are inviting case studies based on any types of cancer or related incidents or events with facts and figures. Presenting your studies on any other type of cancer in this category will privilege you with a 30% discount on registration.

The 3 major specialties of oncology are:

• Medical oncology
• Surgical oncology
• Radiation oncology

There are several sub-specialties in the field of Oncology. The above mentioned specialties deal with the treatment of cancer through Chemotherapy or Immunotherapy, Biopsies and Radiology respectively.

DNA is the repository of genetic information in each living cell, its integrity and stability is essential to life. DNA, however, is not inert; rather, it is a chemical entity subject to assault from the environment, and any resulting damage, if not repaired, will lead to mutation and possibly disease.

In biology, cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis. Errors in signaling interactions and cellular information processing may cause diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, and diabetes. By understanding cell signaling, clinicians may treat diseases more effectively and, theoretically, researchers may develop artificial tissues.

All cells receive and respond to signals from their surroundings. This is accomplished by a variety of signal molecules that are secreted or expressed on the surface of one cell and bind to a receptor expressed by the other cells, thereby integrating and coordinating the function of the many individual cells that make up organisms. Each cell is programmed to respond to specific extracellular signal molecules. Extracellular signaling usually entails the following steps:

• Synthesis and release of the signaling molecule by the signaling cell.
• Transport of the signal to the target cell.
• Binding of the signal by a specific receptor leading to its activation.
• Initiation of signal-transduction pathways.

Cancer immunology is a stream of immunology that studies communications between the immune system and cancer cells (also called tumors or malignancies). It is a field of research that intent to discover cancer immunotherapies to treat and decelerate evolution of the disease. The human immune system mounts natural endogenous response to foreign cells. The gamut of genetics and epigenetics changes occurring in tumors provides diverse set of antigenic repertoire that host’s immune system can exploit to distinguish tumour versus their normal healthy counterparts.

An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells. As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis, they release new infectious virus particles or virions to help destroy the remaining tumour. Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, but also to stimulate host anti-tumour immune system responses. The potential of viruses as anti-cancer agents was first realised in the early twentieth century, although coordinated research efforts did not begin until the 1960s. A number of viruses including adenovirus, reovirus, measles, herpes simplex, Newcastle disease virus, and vaccinia have been clinically tested as oncolytic agents. Most current oncolytic viruses are engineered for tumour selectivity, although there are naturally occurring examples such as reovirus and the senecavirus, resulting in clinical trials.

The recent Chinese experience suggests that cancer patients are at higher risk of infection to SARS-CoV-2 compared to the general population, which could be related to the closer medical follow-up organized in such fragile patients. More concerning, the risk of severe respiratory complications requiring intensive care unit was much higher in cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients. A covariate significantly associated with this risk was a history of chemotherapy or surgery in the previous months, a feature that involves the highest number of cancer patients. Finally, the cancer patients deteriorated more rapidly than those without cancer.

Cancer nanotechnology is a branch of nanotechnology concerned with the application of both nanomaterials (such as nanoparticles for tumour imaging or drug delivery) and nanotechnology approaches (such as nanoparticle-based theranostics) to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Cancer bioinformatics deals with the organization and analysis of the data so that important trends and patterns can be identified – the ultimate goal being the discovery of new therapeutic and/or diagnostic protocols for cancer.

A stem cell is a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialised cell types in the body. In the future they may be used to replace cells and tissues that have been damaged or lost due to disease.

In stem cell transplants, stem cells replace cells damaged by chemotherapy or disease or serve as a way for the donor's immune system to fight some types of cancer and blood-related diseases, such as leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma and multiple myeloma. These transplants use adult stem cells or umbilical cord blood. Stem cells are not only widely used for regenerative medicine, but are also considered as a useful tool for cancer treatment. For a long time, stem cells have been utilized to renew the immune system for radiation or chemo- therapy treated patients.

Biosemiotics from the Greek bios, "life" and "observant of signs" is a field of semiotics and biology that studies the prelinguistic meaning-making, or production and interpretation of signs and codes in the biological realm. This medical field of semiotics, in some European countries, is often known and spelled as semeiotics.

Biosemiotics is biology interpreted as a sign systems study, or, to elaborate, a study of signification, communication and habit formation of living processes, semiosis in living nature, the biological basis of all signs and sign interpretation.

Surgical oncology is the branch of surgery applied to oncology; it focuses on the surgical management of tumors, especially cancerous tumors.

As one of several modalities in the management of cancer, the specialty of surgical oncology, before modern medicine the only cancer treatment with a chance of success, has evolved in steps similar to medical oncology (pharmacotherapy for cancer), which grew out of hematology, and radiation oncology, which grew out of radiology.

Pediatric Oncology is the term used to comprise all malignant conditions among neonates & children with cancer. The most common childhood cancers are, Neuroblastoma, Retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor and brain tumors, such as gliomas. Childhood cancers are very rare and may differ from adult cancers in the way they grow, spread, treated, and respond to treatment.

A multidisciplinary way to deal with redesign has been connected in a variety of settings in clinical oncology, especially among patients with stomach and colorectal malignancy. Cancer has one of the highest mortality rates of all diseases worldwide. As a pre-treatment prior to hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation carried out as a part of treatment for all forms of blood cancer, this drug is contributing to patients as a necessary drug that ranks alongside radiation therapy. Hepatitis B antibody was disease counteractive action antibodies upheld Drug Administration (FDA). Disease treatment immunizations were likewise considered restorative antibodies.

Contaminations in the female genitalia and the extra sex organs are regularly known as Gynecologic InfectiousDiseases. A portion of the irresistible infections is Vulvovaginitis, Cervicitis, Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases, and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Gynecologic Oncology is a specific field that arrangements with growths relating to the female genitalia and conceptive framework.

Pathologists are among the most important members of a patient’s cancer care team. They work to diagnose and determine the stage of cancer, setting the course for what comes next in the treatment journey.Pathology is the service that handles the blood samples and the cells and tissues removed from suspicious ‘lumps and bumps’. Cancer pathology’s key role in diagnosing and treating a complex disease, it’s important to stay up to date on new technologies and breakthroughs that continue to shape the ever-evolving landscape of cancer care.

Oncology Nursing is a field including practice incorporates the jobs of direct guardian, instructor, specialist, head, and scientist. Oncology nursing care can defined as meeting the various needs of oncology patients during the time of their disease including appropriate screenings and other preventative practices, symptom management, care to retain as much normal functioning as possible, and supportive measures upon end of life. Cancer Summit 2019 will make another transformation in malignancy science and disease nursing field.

Radiology is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases within the bodies of both humans and animals. A variety of imaging techniques such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to diagnose or treat diseases. Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.

Cancer cells keep growing without control. Chemotherapy is drug therapy for cancer. It works by killing the cancer cells, stopping them from spreading, or slowing their growth. However, it can also harm healthy cells, which causes side effects. Cancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy and synthetic lethality.

Complementary and alternative are terms used to describe many kinds of products, practices, and systems that are not part of mainstream medicine. You may hear them used to refer to methods to help relieve symptoms and improve quality of life during cancer treatment. We call these “complementary” because they are used along with your medical treatment.

Many factors impact the development of cancer. Over the last 25 years, science has displayed that diet,body weight and physical activity —especially being overweight or obese—are leading risk factors for obtaining certain types of cancer. The main behavioral and environmental risk factors for cancer death in the world are related to diet and physical inactivity, use of addictive substances, sexual and reproductive health and exposure to air pollution and use of contaminated needles.

Instruments are designed to aid in the diagnosis, monitoring or treatment of medical conditions. Several new types of equipment are used in the treatment of cancer such as:

• Linear Accelerator (LINAC) – It emits radiation of highly localised (X-rays) and it is useful in the treatment of cancer. The 6 MeV linear accelerator having the capability of surface electron allows treating cancer cells even under the subcutis layer overlying the cranium. The patient can also see his activity through the connected display unit.
• Gamma Camera – It is used in the detection of cancer via gamma rays. Here tracers used are introduced into the patient’s body intravenously, thus getting the image on the gamma camera as the tracer emits gamma rays which are detected by the gamma camera.
• Radiography and Ultrasound – It is a non-invasive way of getting the image of the internal organs by ultrasound. It is a useful method for cancer patients for examining the abdomen for any enlargement of the lymph or masses.

Leukemia, Lymphoma, Germ cell tumors and early stage solid tumors which were once incurable have become curable malignancies now. Immunotherapies have already proven efficient in leukemia, bladder cancer and various skin cancer. For the future, research is promising in the field of physical oncology. Survival of cancer has significantly improved over the past years due to improved screening, diagnostic methods and treatment options with targeted therapy. Large multi-centric Phase III randomised controlled clinical trials by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast & Bowel Project (NSABP), Medical Research Council (MRC), the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and National Cancer Institute (NCI) have contributed significantly to the improvement in survival.